Ranbaxy Laboratories

| Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. | â€Å"Personally, I feel that organizations who continually enhance to give better items and administrations and who can offer better offers than the customer are the ones prone to deserve more admiration all inclusive than others† Malvinder Mohan Singh, previous CEO and MD, Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd Table of Contents Executive Summary5 The Company5 Hybrid Business Model6 Porter’s Five Force Analysis7 Bargaining Power of Buyers8 Bargaining Power of Suppliers9 Threat of New Entrants10 Threat of Substitutes11 Threat of Rivalry12 Value chain analysis13Inbound logistics13 Operations13 Outbound logistics13 Sales and marketing13 Service14 Procurement14 Technological Development14 Human Resource Management14 Firm Infrastructure14 VRIO Analysis16 Internal Analysis-A Resource Based View16 Factors Leading to Growth18 Strategy18 Business-level Strategy18 Focus on Differentiated Products18 Corporate-level Strategy20 R&D in Ranbaxy20 NDDR †A dif ferent Entity Decentralization20 First Mover Advantage20 Information Security and Information Synergy21 Acquisitions21 Agreements and Collaboration22 Recommendations22Medium term Strategy (5-7 years)23 Long term Strategy (10-15 years)25 References26 Exhibit27 I. Market Share27 II. Market Structure and Herfindahl-Hirshman index27 IV. Market Forecast31 V. Contender Analysis31 VI. Ranbaxy Financials32 VII. Pharmaceutical Industry Future33 VIII. Preservation of vitality and its impact37 Executive Summary Product patent system actualized in India from Jan 2005 constrained Indian pharma organizations to relook in to their showcasing methodologies to become serious and firmly withstand in the opposition with MNC’s and huge goliaths in residential markets.Product patent system presented Indian pharmaceutical organizations to change their procedures. On the off chance that the Indian organizations needed to withstand in rivalry and endure, they need to put more in the R&D for adva ncement of New Chemical Entities (NCE’s). Prior to patent system, with the assistance of figuring out and process patent organizations were getting a charge out of replicating MNC’s atoms and presenting their own brands and putting less in NCE’s. The fast development of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry was supported by the non-acknowledgment of item licenses for drugs under the Indian Patent Act, 1970.However, the case switched with the coming of consenting to of the TRIPs arrangement. This change guaranteed that organizations ought to reorient themselves for R&D-based development to endure. This would empower them to contend in managed and open market. Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. embraced a â€Å"High-Risk-High-Returns† methodology to react to the difficult business condition achieved by the presentation of the new patent system. In any case, the money related wellbeing of the firm was influenced seriously by the expanding consumptions on dangerous R &D and patent difficulties with lacking returns.High cost acquisitions in outside business sectors and setting own assembling and selling offices abroad so as to build its land nearness added further to the issue. In the end, Ranbaxy needed to reclassify its plan of action. In 2008, a vital mix of a pioneer and nonexclusive powerhouse was gotten by Ranbaxy by selling its 63. 92% offers to Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd. The investigation uncovers how Ranbaxy embraced another methodology each time the organization faced another test in the changing situation of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.From spearheading the specialty of figuring out and turning into a financially savvy firm all inclusive, the firm proceeded to turn into the main Indian Pharmaceutical firm to dispatch the principal unique medication created by an Indian substance, Synriam, and procuring benefits by method of para IV filings for the star-tranquilize Lipitor. Ranbaxy made an exit plan through its systems to guaran tee its top situation in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry and universally. The Company Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited is one of the India's biggest pharmaceutical organizations. It is a coordinated, research based, universal pharmaceutical company.It produces a wide scope of value, reasonable nonexclusive prescriptions, that are trusted by medicinal services experts and patients across topographies. Ranbaxy is positioned eighth among the worldwide conventional pharmaceutical organizations, and has a nearness in 23 of the best 25 pharmaceutical markets of the world. The worldwide nearness of the firm includes 49 nations, and it has world-class fabricating offices in 11 nations to serve clients in more than 125 nations. Ranbaxy went into a union in June 2008 with Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd. The joined substance currently positions among the best 15 harmaceutical organizations, all inclusive. The vital arrangement will put Ranbaxy in a higher development direction and it will rise more grounded as far as its worldwide reach and in its capacities in medicate advancement and assembling. A definite arrangement of company’s budgetary situating and market structure is given in the displays. (Show I, II and VI) Hybrid Business Model Ranbaxy is working intimately with Daiichi Sankyo to remove cooperative energies in different geologies. Ranbaxy markets Daiichi Sankyo’s marks in nations, for example, Romania and Malaysia.Additional assets and capacities are additionally being coordinated towards this area. These capacities will bring about improved business execution in different markets additionally, similar to Africa, Middle East and Asia. Marked business is the center factor that separates Ranbaxy from most other Indian nonexclusive organizations. Ranbaxy has its own groups in excess of 40 nations, while numerous Indian organizations choose for sell their items through wholesalers. The ‘Global Hybrid Business’ group took a few activities dur ing the year to use cooperative energies among Ranbaxy and Daiichi Sankyo, exclusively and collectively.Their coordinated effort is developing with time and the collaborations presently stretch out past promoting and spread a critical piece of the pharmaceutical worth chain. An assembling and flexibly system was set up among Ranbaxy and Daiichi Sankyo Espha Co. Ltd. during the year and they are cooperating to create items for the Japanese market. Porter’s Five Force Analysis The investigation is done from the point of view of a normal occupant player in the business. In general engaging quality of industry is moderate at 3. 1 focuses. The key purchasers are emergency clinics and pharmacies.The key providers are dynamic pharmaceutical fixings and clinical preliminary administrations suppliers. The pharmaceutical market observers genuinely solid purchaser power. Oligopsony status reinforces purchaser power. The value control strategies of state and private division foundations likewise add to purchasing power, as they are a definitive buyers of medications. The matter of pharmaceutical organizations relies crucially upon acquiring top notch hardware, materials, work force, and outsider clinical testing administrations. The controllers must be fulfilled that the results of new participants are sheltered and effective.Pharmaceutical industry additionally encounters substitutes as far as non-sedate treatments and like. What's more, less expensive nonexclusive duplicates are subbing research based medications as they are not, at this point ensured by licenses. Haggling Power of Buyers Pharmaceutical makers offer to medicate wholesalers. These then sell on to drug stores, or to medicinal services organizations as emergency clinics. Most pharmaceutical items require solution aside from OTC and comparable medications. Promoting of physician recommended drugs is in this way vigorously coordinated at clinical practitioners.Medical condition may involve a few disti nctive medication medicines prompting item separation and debilitating purchaser power. Separation incorporates adequacy, reactions, usability and cost-viability. The opposite happens when nonexclusive duplicates are accessible. The purchaser power is additionally expanded in light of the fact that a definitive wellspring of assets for most medication buys is an open or private-part wellbeing safety net provider or comparable body. Such huge buyers apply monopsony advertise power promotion it is exceptionally regular for them to utilize at least one explicit value control techniques. In certain situations governments may legitimately set medication costs, making any takeoffs illegal.In instance of repayments governments may set an extremely low cost for new or existing medications. Under reference value systems repayment levels are dictated by differentiating the cost of a medication in restorative class as well as friend bunch nations. In the event that remedial classification cont ains generics the reference cost is pushed down for on-patent medications in a similar class. On the off chance that friend bunch nations have lower per capita earnings, a comparable impact happens. Value volume or benefit control may likewise exist. Past the specified sum makers bring to the table either value decreases or compensatory dispensing to government.Overall, industry allure due to buyer’s haggling power is moderate at 3 focuses. Haggling Power of Suppliers Manufacturers of dynamic pharmaceutical fixings (APIs) are significant providers to the pharmaceutical market. This structures a sub-area of the compound business. Many driving pharmaceutical organizations appreciate less haggling intensity of providers because of significant interests in fine synthetics producing which gives a serious extent of independence. APIs are given on a legally binding premise thus pharmaceutical organizations chance raised exchanging costs on the off chance that they consider moving th eir business to an alternate place.Sequentially, pharmaceutical organizations utilize sourcing chiefs to reduce costs and to diminish provider power. Anyway synthetic producers can request more significant expenses in the event of advancement of new restorative specialists as it requires sourcing of fresher APIs. Most organizations buy crude materials from numerous providers along these lines diminishing their dependence on any one organization. By and large, providers have little separation as research center gear and synthetic substances are for the most part uniform. In this way organizations have a numerous choices to acquir

Corrosion testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Erosion testing - Essay Example This infers this arrangement delivers a destructive climate in the chamber. The acknowledged standard of testing chambers as indicated by the worldwide gauges on salt showers test (ISSST) is 400 liters. On the other hand, some different arrangements can likewise be relevant when testing erosion. The test that applies 5% NaCl is the impartial salt shower whereby different arrangements fitting for this chamber incorporate acidic corrosive. With the utilization of this arrangement, the name of the technique for testing is acidic salt splash. The other arrangement that can apply for this situation is acidic corrosive blended in with of copper chloride, which is one of the known erosion analyzer is the Q-FOG cyclic consumption analyzers. Structures of these instruments shift as indicated by their capacity of chambers. They additionally fluctuate dependent on the different conditions to which they need to work. Figure 1: A case of a Q-FOQ cyclic consumption analyzer. Results or testing of this machine is like those of an open air testing, which the vast majority of the salt shower analyzers have neglected to convey. The reason and utilization of the consumption testing gear The craving to keep up use and presence of various machines is a worry for various designing enterprises. They endeavor to lean toward utilizing their materials in an effective manner as well as to guarantee long haul utilization of their items. This field utilizes different metallic instruments that are either ferrous or non-ferrous. What remains in the utilization of these metallic instruments is the way that they are liable to assault by shifted climate conditions. These conditions incorporate stickiness, essential arrangements, gasses, and acids. The primary motivation behind these components is to start the impact of consumption on metallic materials. In this manner, makers of these metallic materials think that its important to pick a determined covering material for the various components. The quality control that applies during creation of different metallic instruments is additionally fundamental in the current period. This calls for erosion testing instruments that apply in the worldwide field. This is on the grounds that they help in recognizing the erosion component that exists for a metal, which is fundamental in furnishing clients with life span of their individual metallic materials. Different tests performed by the erosion analyzers Many tests can apply in examining consumption in various metals. These tests change contingent upon the factors in question, for example, climate conditions and machine’s details. The stickiness test is one of the basic tests in the field of erosion. In the erosion analyzers, this happens in the dampness cupboards that are impenetrable and dampness verification (Prateepasen and Jirarungsatian E11). The chamber likewise has a normal temperature of 100 degrees. The reason for this test is to decide if the oxidative assault ha s started on a given metal. For this situation, the individual stepping through the exam looks for any appearance of a rankle with the goal of knowing whether an assault has just started on a given metal. Another class of consumption testing is the salt splash tests. For this situation, the extents of chambers may have principles as indicated by given details. Chambers for this situation have huge sizes when contrasted with those pre-owned when taking moistness tests. Different tests incorporate submersion tests, sway tests, open air presentation tests other than others. The tests basically center around dispensing with impacts of

Make a Fake Neon Sign Using Fluorescence

Make a Fake Neon Sign Using Fluorescence Do you love the appearance of neon signs, yet need an economical elective that you can redo to state anything you desire? You can make a phony neon sign utilizing fluorescence to make modest basic materials gleam. Counterfeit Neon Sign Materials You just need a couple of essential materials for this venture. Adaptable plastic tubing (normally sold as aquarium tubing)Glue gunCardboard or other firm support for your signFluorescent highlighter pen or clothing detergentWaterBlack light Make the Fake Neon The plastic tubing will shine blue under a dark light, so actually this undertaking will work in the event that you essentially structure a sign with the tubing and enlighten it with a dark light (bright light). In any case, youll get an a lot more splendid shine on the off chance that you fill the tubing with a fluorescent fluid, for example, a modest quantity of clothing cleanser disintegrated in water (brilliant blue) or a fluorescent highlighter ink cushion in water (accessible in different hues). Tip: A great deal of highlighter pens called fluorescent markers arent really fluorescent. Compose a snappy note on paper and sparkle a dark light on it to decide if the ink fluoresces. Yellow quite often gleams. Blue once in a while does. Make the Sign Design Work on framing the word you need on your sign so you can get a thought of how much tubing will be required.Cut the tubing to some degree longer than what you might suspect you will need.Fill the plastic tubing with your phony neon. Put one finish of the tubing into the fluorescent fluid and raise it higher than the opposite finish of the tubing. Spot the lower end of the tubing into a cup so you wont have a major chaos. Let gravity pull the fluid down the tube.When the tubing is loaded up with fluid, seal its closures with globules of craft glue. Permit the paste to cool before continuing to ensure you have a decent seal on your neon.Apply heated glue to adhere the tubing to the sponsorship you have chosen. Structure the word for your sign. On the off chance that you are making a sign that utilizes numerous words, you will require separate cylinders for each word.If you have abundance tubing, deliberately cut the end and seal it with hot glue.Illuminate the sign by turning on a dark light. A glaring light apparatus will give some sparkle, yet for a splendid neon appearance, utilize a dark light.

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

Presentation Scholars managing human and creature conduct have thought of various hypotheses to clarify how conduct is procured or how it gets wiped out. Such researchers incorporate BF Skinner, who best in class operant molding hypothesis and Ivan Pavlov, who exceptional old style molding hypothesis. In this paper, old style and operant molding tests will be structured. The noteworthiness of the investigations and how they identify with human conduct and thinking will be explained.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Sniffy the Virtual Rat explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Classical molding This is a social learning hypothesis progressed by Ivan Pavlov. In traditional molding, learning happens because of matching a characteristic boost together with a natural improvement (Hall, 1998). With the goal for figuring out how to happen, an unbiased upgrade is put before a characteristic boost. As indicated by Cherry (2012), conduct is found out t hrough relationship of the two boosts. A visit to the dental specialist analyze Miss Y has pits on the majority of her teeth. It isn't the first run through for her to have such an issue. Previously, she has been to the dental specialist and had a portion of the teeth with cavities extricated. The first occasion when, she found a female specialist who extricated the tooth however she felt no torment. The subsequent time, she found a male dental specialist who separated the rotted tooth. Notwithstanding, the experience was not equivalent to the one she had during her first extraction. The male dental specialist separated the tooth in a manner that caused her a great deal of agony. During the second time when she felt a great deal of agony, Miss Y noticed a portion of the attributes of the dental specialist who played out the activity. The male dental specialist was wearing a white cover, had scenes on and was from an alternate racial gathering (race A). During her resulting visit to the dental specialist to have another tooth separated, Miss Y finds another dental specialist that she has never met. Notwithstanding, the dental specialist is a man, wearing a white cover, with scenes on and from race A. Before disclosing her concern to this dental specialist, Miss Y begins shaking because of dread. She begins feeling a ton of agony on her tooth that has not been hurting while she was going to the dental specialist. Miss Y is acting as such in light of the fact that she has figured out how to connect torment during teeth extraction with male dental specialist of a specific race. Miss Y chooses to check another dental specialist to extricate the tooth. Her next stop handles her to a woman dental specialist. Miss Y is presently loose and all set through the procedure of extraction. She relates the experience is hoping to have with the past easy method that she experienced when the extraction was finished by a woman. For the remainder of the occasions that she visits a dental specialist, Miss Y solicitations to have a woman dental specialist deal with her. Thus, she guarantees that the extraction is continually painless.Advertising Looking for investigate paper on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After Miss Y has had her dental issues managed, she doesn't want to keep visiting the dental specialist as normally as she did. Be that as it may, at whatever point she goes to the emergency clinic and finds a male specialist from race A, she is held by exceptional dread and starts feeling torment in her body. In actuality, at whatever point she goes to the medical clinic and finds a woman specialist, she is increasingly loose and less frightful. She says that she feels practically zero torment at all when she is treated by a woman specialist. Miss Y is adapted that every male specialist from race An incur torment upon their patient during treatment. Then again, all female specia lists treat their patients with less torment. Along these lines, at whatever point Miss Y sees a male specialist from race An, in any event, when she needn't bother with his administrations, she is loaded up with dread. Infant and mother test Another case of traditional molding can be shown through a mother’s relationship with her small kid. At the point when the youngster is with the mother, it is normally tranquil and on occasion affable. Be that as it may, when the mother conveys her satchel and is going to leave for work, the child begins to cry. Each time the child sees the mother convey her satchel, it begins to cry since it knows that the mother is going to leave. This occurs after the mother over and again leaves for work at whatever point she conveys her purse. The child in this way connects the purse with being abandoned by the mother. After persistently blending the purse with the mother’s flight, the infant begins to cry at whatever point she sees a satchel , in any event, when the mother isn't leaving. The mother for this situation is the impartial boost, abandoning the child is the unconditioned improvement, crying the unconditioned reaction, the mother the molded upgrade and crying the adapted reaction. The baby’s relationship of the tote with being abandoned outcomes to speculation. For this situation, the child cries at whatever point the mother conveys whatever else that appears as though a sack, in any event, when she isn't leaving. Operant molding Operant molding was first proposed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner normally known as BF Skinner (Mcleod, 2007). Skinner drew a great deal from Thorndike’s work. The most significant parts of operant molding are support, prizes and discipline. On the off chance that one fortifies a specific conduct, there is probability for the conduct to be displayed once more. Notwithstanding, if conduct isn't fortified, it will most presumably be debilitated and in the end become terminate d. Fortification Positive support can be shown using an eager canine put in a unique box. The crate has a switch that is deliberately put along the edge. The rodent can move openly inside the container. Be that as it may, during a portion of its development, the rodent incidentally steps on the switch along the edge of the container. At the point when this occurs, the rodent sees a food pellet close to the switch it has stepped on. The rodent discovers that squeezing the switch is remunerated by arrangement of food.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Sniffy the Virtual Rat explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the rodent keeps squeezing the switch whatever number occasions as would be prudent and the result is as yet the equivalent. For this situation, the conduct of squeezing the switch is strengthened in light of the fact that it results to something attractive. Along these lines, the rodent keeps on squeezing the switch each tim e it needs something to eat. This is a case of uplifting feedback, which reinforces a given conduct and builds its opportunity of repeat. Conduct is fortified through compensating one’s conduct with an alluring result. The conduct is probably going to be rehashed in future if an attractive result is given. Negative fortification According to Mcleod (2007), another method of fortifying conduct is the utilization of negative support. Negative fortification is relevant to the rodent in the container analyze that we utilized for uplifting feedback. To present negative support, one would open the rodent to something that isn't lovely, for instance an electric flow. The switch ought to be set to such an extent that the electric flow turns off promptly it is squeezed by the rodent. In this manner, the rodent would discover that squeezing the switch gave a method of break from the horrendous electric flow that it is exposed to. Each time the electric flow is turned on in the case, th e rodent will tend to move to where the switch is and press it so as to get away from the undesirable conditions in the container. The activity is rehashed again and again in light of the fact that the rodent has figured out how to get away from the inconvenience brought about by the electric flow. Discipline Punishment is intended to make a reaction be frail or to make it wiped out rather than support that is intended to build the likelihood of event of a conduct. There are two different ways that can be utilized to issue out discipline. The first includes utilization of a disagreeable improvement subsequent to something incorrectly has been finished. The other one is refusal of a compensating upgrade at whatever point an undesired conduct is displayed. Discipline is fundamentally the same as negative support. This kind of molding can be utilized to energize positive conduct in the two creatures and people. It can likewise be utilized to debilitate negative conduct in people and cr eatures. Conduct learnt through operant molding is effortlessly halted when the outcomes that were empowering its event are pulled back. This is what is called elimination. These trials improve the old style molding hypothesis progressed by Ivan Pavlov and operant molding progressed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. They show that some conduct that individuals display have been procured through relationship of a characteristic improvement with the earth as in old style conditioning.Advertising Searching for inquire about paper on brain research? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Different practices are gotten lasting or wiped out because of positive or negative fortification and discipline, as proposed by operant molding hypothesis. The hypotheses are pertinent in everyday life in the two people and creatures. End The trials bolster the two speculations of conduct procurement to be specific: traditional and operant molding. The creature tests directed by BF Skinner and Ivan Pavlov relate near human reasoning and conduct. Reference List Cherry, K. (2012). The Little Albert Experiment: A Closer Look at the Famous Case of Little Albert. New York: About.com. Web. Corridor, R. (1998). Old style Conditioning. Web. Mcleod, S. (2007). Skinner †Operant Conditioning. London: Psychology Press. Web. This exploration paper on Sniffy the Virtual Rat was composed and put together by client Bryant B. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for resear

Who Lives in a Pineapple Under the Sea

Who Lives in a Pineapple Under the Sea The SpongeBob Fan Club does, of course! SBFC is a collection of hard-core SpongeBob aficionados. We meet up one night a week to watch episodes, play games, make friends, and quote favorite lines. From the t-shirt of (you guessed it) the SpongBob Fan Club “Are you guys for real?” Areyoufor real? “What, do you just, like, watch episodes all the time?” NO! But every other meeting, yes. We’re all in the club because we either love SpongeBob or we’re imposters. Most of us are the former. We do all sorts of things when we’re not watching episodes. We play SpongeBob-themed versions of Mafia, Taboo, 20 Questions, Jeopardy, Apples to Apples, and so much more. We discuss the philosophy of SpongeBobâ€"yes, you read that right. Sometimes we just grab ice cream and go bowling. “Do you watch any of the new episodes?” We usually stick to seasons 1-3, watching everything up to and including the first movie. This is really just done out of sensitivity; some club members refuse to believe that anything later than season 3 exists, and we’d hate to burst their bubble. “What did any of you even join the SpongeBob Fan Club in the first place?” Because it is wonderful and fun and cool and better than any other club and thought-provoking and spectacular and awe-inspiring and great and wonderful and special. “Don’t you have to be stupid somewhere else?” “Not until 4.” “One more question… can I join?” If you’re a student at UIUC, then yes! Go find us on Facebook, Instagram, or Illinois connections. Kate Class of 2020 I’m a senior here at the university, majoring in English and Math and minoring in Spanish. I’ve lived in Illinois all my life, sharing a room with my sister and many crickets. As the youngest in my family, I’m lucky enough to have my older siblings’ advice and perspective as I make my way through college!

Who Lives in a Pineapple Under the Sea

Who Lives in a Pineapple Under the Sea The SpongeBob Fan Club does, of course! SBFC is a collection of hard-core SpongeBob aficionados. We meet up one night a week to watch episodes, play games, make friends, and quote favorite lines. From the t-shirt of (you guessed it) the SpongBob Fan Club “Are you guys for real?” Areyoufor real? “What, do you just, like, watch episodes all the time?” NO! But every other meeting, yes. We’re all in the club because we either love SpongeBob or we’re imposters. Most of us are the former. We do all sorts of things when we’re not watching episodes. We play SpongeBob-themed versions of Mafia, Taboo, 20 Questions, Jeopardy, Apples to Apples, and so much more. We discuss the philosophy of SpongeBobâ€"yes, you read that right. Sometimes we just grab ice cream and go bowling. “Do you watch any of the new episodes?” We usually stick to seasons 1-3, watching everything up to and including the first movie. This is really just done out of sensitivity; some club members refuse to believe that anything later than season 3 exists, and we’d hate to burst their bubble. “What did any of you even join the SpongeBob Fan Club in the first place?” Because it is wonderful and fun and cool and better than any other club and thought-provoking and spectacular and awe-inspiring and great and wonderful and special. “Don’t you have to be stupid somewhere else?” “Not until 4.” “One more question… can I join?” If you’re a student at UIUC, then yes! Go find us on Facebook, Instagram, or Illinois connections. Kate Class of 2020 I’m a senior here at the university, majoring in English and Math and minoring in Spanish. I’ve lived in Illinois all my life, sharing a room with my sister and many crickets. As the youngest in my family, I’m lucky enough to have my older siblings’ advice and perspective as I make my way through college!

Subjectivitiy in As I Lay Dying - Literature Essay Samples

One of the central thematic elements of As I Lay Dying is the distinction between fact and interpretation of fact. Clearly, any objective fact can result in a multitude of subjective interpretations because the characters all have individual points of view. Their perspectives of any empirical truth depends upon their prejudices and perceptions; as a result, nothing that is said can be fully trusted or assumed to be pure in its objective truth. Though the novel is structured on the basis of the fact that each character experiences the same events, they all differ in their interpretations and perspectives. Since each character possesses a point of view that the reader cannot know for sure is entirely accurate and truthful, the theme of As I Lay Dying may be that there is no such thing as objective truth. To raise this question of reality, William Faulkner introduces two literary techniques in As I Lay Dying that draw into question the validity of the information being provided. Faulkn er not only engages in the use of a wide variety of narrators, but he also utilizes stream-of-consciousness to heighten the inability to distinguish between fact and interpretation. The technique of stream-of-consciousness allows for narration to be introduced as if the thoughts are being read as the characters are thinking them; ideas and memories arise without premeditation and as such bear the mark of immediacy. In addition, because it is the characters thoughts rather than dialogue with another, the first instinct is to believe them, since thoughts are usually unfiltered. The use of stream-of-consciousness also serves to obscure the journey toward finding an objective truth. For instance, Cora Tulls perspective on the relationship between Addie and Darl or Addie and Jewel is significantly dissimilar than the perspectives of those characters, themselves. Thus, any supposedly objective truth that exists in any circumstance cannot necessarily be found in just one particular point o f view. Another instance of this shifting perspective is in how Jewel and Peabody consider Addy in terms of being victimized, where as Anse clings to his reality that places him as a victim. Another technique that Faulkner uses is to structure the novel in the form of disconnected monologues. For example, consider the difficulty of constructing an accurate timeline of events from the monologue in which Dewey Dell faces off with Vardman in the shed. Faulkner writes: You durn little sneak! My hands shake him, hard. Maybe I couldnt stop them. I didnt know they could shake so hard. They shake both of us, shaking. I never done it, he says. I never touched them(Faulkner 383). Both characters insist and believe in their own innocence, but clearly both cannot be innocent. In addition, they are each so wrapped up in insisting upon their version of the story that the sequence of the actual circumstances is confused within their own consciousness. Dewey Dell believed that Vardaman was covert ly watching her, whereas Vardaman labored under the impression that Dewey Dell was going to tell him off. The result is a blending of the past and the present and the inability to come to anything even close to an objective reality. In another instance, the reality of exactly what was taking place between Cora and Darl remains forever locked in mystery because the perspectives presented are contradictory. As Faulkner writes, He did not answer. He just stood and looked at his dying mother, his heart too full for words (Faulkner 355). Cora views Darl through the rosy lens of being a loving mother; she also thinks he is Addies favorite. From Darls perspective, however, he seems to be completely unresponsive to his mother and the three dollar load. Furthermore, most of the others believe that it is Jewel who is the favorite. This utter disconnect serves to call into question the reliability of the narrators. What the characters think and which words they speak, meanwhile, create a fou ndation upon which to build yet another subjective reality: the readers. Faulkner also builds the readers sense of his or her own, individual perspective by making use of figurative language in describing scenery and characters. Characters often resort to using metaphors and similes as well as other stylistic turns of phrase. For example, when Darl seeks to incite Dewey Dell, his attempt is not explicit. Rather, it is accomplished through the use of double entendres. The double entendre is a microcosm of the shifting realities of the story: The phrases have factual meaning, but can be interpreted in various ways. For example, Darl remarks, Those cakes will be in fine shape by the time we get to Jefferson (Faulkner 483). Cakes serves as a metaphor for Deweys pregnancy. It is Darl, in particular, who employs these descriptive flourishes in his narrative; his talent causes some to consider him strange. Thus, Faulkner employs word choice not only to allude to the shifting realities of t he novel, but, also, to delineate the differences between the characters. The unique language used by characters in the novel often is a revelation more profound than the textual content of their narratives. Indeed, the words that each character speaks provide the only real insights into the objective reality of the novel. For example, there are Tulls multiple references to religion and scripture. It is important in understanding her to pay attention not only to the fact that she is referencing religious iconography, but to how she makes those references. Her manner is to voice them almost like a child would repeat a catechism he does not fully understand. It becomes obvious that Tull herself does not fully comprehend the profundity of the religion she clings to. Neither does she seem to fully understand what is taking place among her family. In contrast, Jewel regularly uses obscene language and speaks quite insensitively, and his quick temper is mirrored by the violence of his lan guage. The Bundren family cannot agree on an objective reality because they make little attempt at arriving at any genuine understanding of each other. Just as the novel is a collection of individual narratives and memories, the Bundren family refuses to be a cohesive unit; they are simply a set of disconnected individuals who happen to share a common ancestry. The great irony is that what seems to at last bring about their unity is not a celebration of life, but an occasion of death. Yet even this attempt at a final reconciliation is only tenuous, as each family member has their own personal and private motivations that they refuse to share with each other. Usually, in fact, they seem to be callously disregarding the fact that Addy is simply a rotting corpse. In perhaps the most perverse reversal of subjective truth, some of them are repulsed by the stench of deathyet the buzzards flying overhead are drawn to the scene exactly for that stench. Objective truth is merely the resul t of intensely personal subjectivity; what is appalling to one person will be appealing to another. Thus, As I Lay Dying presents even the dead member of its cast of characters in a subjective light by questioning whether objective truth can exist. Addies true qualities as a human being remain a mystery; some may view her as a character treading in the icy waters of evil, while others may arrive at the conclusion that she is the only character worthy of any admiration. The multiple viewpoints and the stream-of-consciousness technique all create a work that is purposely subject to interpretation. There is no objective truth to the novel any more than there is any objective truth to the events that take place within it. Faulkners engagement of multiple narratives also serves to become a filter that is necessary for sorting out lies and opinions from factual events. The result is naturally unsettling and confusingbut, as Faulkner desires to make people ask tough questions about the n ature of reality and the search for an objective truth, that is exactly his intent.